This Open Access autotranslation book demonstrates a time series of nutrition improvement in Japan since the introduction of nutrition sciences to Japan about 150 years ago. The chapters present the historical event where nutritional deficiency due to food shortage was improved in almost a century by the introduction of nutrition policy and practices such as the Nutrition Improvement Law. The book contributed to the construction of a longevity nation by resolving the double burden of malnutrition which is a mixture of undernutrition and overnutrition and creating a social environment in which sustainable healthy diets can be accessed.This publication is designed mainly for nutrition specialists nutritionists nutrition administrators medical doctors pharmacists nurses physiotherapists nutrition educators cookers nutrition volunteers health and nutrition food developers school lunch managers and etc.